Diabetes mellitus encompasses types such as type 1 (autoimmune beta-cell destruction causing absolute insulin deficiency), type 2 (insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency), gestational diabetes, and others like maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). It results in complications including macrovascular (e.g., cardiovascular disease) and microvascular damage (e.g., retinopathy, nephropathy).
greek The term “diabetes” derives from Greek diabētēs, meaning “a siphon” or “to pass through” (dia- “through” + bainein “to go”), coined around 250 BCE by Apollonius of Memphis to describe excessive urination. “Mellitus,” added by Thomas Willis in 1674, comes from Latin for “honey-sweet,” noting the sweet urine due to glucose.