F98.4

🧠 ICD-10 CM F98.4 — Stereotyped Movement Disorders

Billable Code Confirmed

ICD-10 CM F98.4 is a valid, billable 4-character ICD-10-CM code for FY2025. The code structure is: F98 (category — Other behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence) + .4 (4th character — Stereotyped movement disorders). No 5th, 6th, or 7th character is required or available — F98.4 is a terminal (leaf-level) code at 4 characters. This code is valid for claims submission from October 1, 2024 through September 30, 2025.

Non-Billable Parent Code — Never Submit This

• ❌ F98 — 3-character category header — missing specific condition character; not billable

Always submit F98.4 (all 4 characters) when the provider has documented stereotyped movement disorder, stereotypy habit disorder, or a clinically equivalent term as a confirmed diagnosis. Note that F98.4 requires only 4 characters — there are no additional character extensions.

Critical Distinction: F98.4 vs. Organic Movement Disorders, Tic Disorders, and OCD Compulsions

ICD-10 CM F98.4 is specifically for non-organic, behavioral stereotypies — repetitive, seemingly purposeless movements that arise from a psychological or neurodevelopmental context, not from a primary neurological lesion. Before assigning F98.4, the provider must have ruled out or distinguished from the following overlapping conditions:

Condition	Correct Code	Relationship to F98.4	Key Distinguishing Feature
Tic disorders (Tourette’s, simple/complex tics)	F95.0-F95.9	Excludes2 at F98 level — can co-exist	Tics are sudden, rapid, non-rhythmic, ego-dystonic; stereotypies are rhythmic, repetitive, often ego-syntonic/comforting
OCD compulsions	F42.8, F42.9	Excludes2 at F98 level — can co-exist	Compulsions are linked to obsessions and performed to reduce anxiety; stereotypies are not anxiety-driven in origin
Organic/neurological movement disorders	G20-G25	Excludes2 at F98 level — can co-exist	Organic disorders have identifiable neurological etiology (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, essential tremor); F98.4 is non-organic
Abnormal involuntary movements	R25.0-R25.9	Excludes1 at F98.4 level — CANNOT code together	R25.x is for organic/idiopathic involuntary movements without a behavioral diagnosis; when F98.4 is documented, R25.x should NOT also be coded
Trichotillomania (hair pulling)	F63.3	Excludes2 at F98 level — can co-exist	Hair pulling coded separately; stereotypy with hair plucking may use both codes
Nail-biting, nose-picking, thumb-sucking	F98.8	Excludes2 — within same F98 category	Simple self-stimulatory habits without the diagnostic threshold of SMD

The single most important coding trap: Do NOT substitute R25.0-R25.9 (abnormal involuntary movements) for F98.4 when a behavioral/psychiatric diagnosis has been established. These are Excludes1 — mutually exclusive at the F98.4 code level.

🔍 Code Description

ICD-10-CM F98.4 classifies stereotyped movement disorders — a group of conditions characterized by voluntary, repetitive, stereotyped, seemingly purposeless motor behaviors that are not attributable to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a known neurological condition. The movements are rhythmic, patterned, and often appear self-stimulatory or self-soothing in nature. The disorder may or may not involve self-injurious behavior (SIB).

DSM-5 criteria for Stereotypic Movement Disorder (the underlying clinical construct) require:

1. Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking/waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting, hitting own body)
2. Behavior interferes with normal activities or results in self-injury
3. Onset during the early developmental period
4. Not attributable to a substance, neurological condition, or better explained by another neurodevelopmental or mental disorder

Common movement presentations mapped to F98.4:

Movement Type	Description	Self-Injurious?
Body rocking	Repetitive rhythmic anterior-posterior or lateral trunk rocking	❌ No
Head banging	Striking head against surfaces; wall, floor, or own hands	✅ Potential SIB
Hand-flapping / arm-flapping	Rapid repetitive flapping of hands/arms; common in ASD	❌ No
Self-biting	Biting own hands, arms, or wrists	✅ SIB
Object spinning	Repetitive spinning of wheels, coins, or other objects	❌ No
Repetitive tiptoe walking	Walking exclusively on toes in repetitive pattern	❌ No
Spasmus nutans	Head nodding with pendular nystagmus and head tilt in infants	❌ No
Palikinesia	Involuntary repetition of one’s own movements	❌ No
Complex twisting movements	Repetitive whole-body or limb twisting routines	❌ No
Repetitive chin/object tapping	Tapping objects or body parts in fixed sequence	❌ No

Associated conditions frequently co-coded with F98.4:

• F84.0 — Autistic disorder (ASD): The most commonly associated diagnosis; hand-flapping, body rocking, and other stereotypies are hallmark features of autism spectrum disorder and should be coded alongside F98.4 when both are documented
• F70-F79 — Intellectual disabilities: Stereotypies are significantly more prevalent in individuals with intellectual disability, particularly severe-to-profound ID
• F84.2 — Rett syndrome: Stereotyped hand-washing or hand-wringing movements are a diagnostic criterion; F98.4 may be coded alongside Rett syndrome
• G80.x — Cerebral palsy: Motor stereotypies may co-occur with spastic or dyskinetic CP
• F90.x — Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Motor restlessness and repetitive behaviors may overlap; code both when documented

Note

Primary vs. Secondary Stereotypy: The ICD-10-CM Tabular and clinical literature distinguish primary stereotypy (occurring in an otherwise typically developing child) from secondary stereotypy (occurring in the context of ASD, intellectual disability, or other neurodevelopmental condition). Both are captured by F98.4. Documentation of “stereotypic movement disorder with self-injurious behavior” is specifically mapped to F98.4 per the ICD-10 Alphabetic Index.

🌳 Code Tree / Hierarchy

F90-F98  Behavioral and Emotional Disorders with Onset Usually in
         Childhood and Adolescence ❌ Non-billable block header
│
└── F98  Other behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually
         occurring in childhood and adolescence ❌ Non-billable
         [Excludes2 at F98 category level: breath-holding spells (R06.89);
          gender identity disorder of childhood (F64.2);
          Kleine-Levin syndrome (G47.13); obsessive-compulsive disorder (F42.-);
          sleep disorders not due to substance/physiological condition (F51.-)]
    │
    ├── F98.0  Enuresis not due to a substance or known physiological condition ✅
    │
    ├── F98.1  Encopresis not due to a substance or known physiological condition ✅
    │
    ├── F98.2  Other feeding disorders of infancy and childhood ✅
    │          [Excludes: anorexia nervosa (F50.0-); rumination disorder (F98.21); etc.]
    │
    ├── F98.3  Pica of infancy and childhood ✅
    │
    ├── F98.4  STEREOTYPED MOVEMENT DISORDERS ◀ THIS CODE ✅
    │          [Includes: Stereotype/habit disorder]
    │          [Excludes1: abnormal involuntary movements (R25.-)]
    │          [Excludes2: compulsions in OCD (F42.-); hair plucking (F63.3);
    │           movement disorders of organic origin (G20-G25); nail-biting (F98.8);
    │           nose picking (F98.8); thumb-sucking (F98.8); tic disorders (F95.-);
    │           trichotillomania (F63.3)]
    │
    ├── F98.5  Adult onset fluency disorder ✅
    │          (Acquired stuttering/cluttering in adults; distinguished from
    │           childhood onset fluency disorder F80.81)
    │
    ├── F98.8  Other specified behavioral and emotional disorders with onset
    │          usually in childhood and adolescence ✅
    │          (Includes: nail-biting, nose-picking, thumb-sucking, excessive masturbation)
    │
    └── F98.9  Unspecified behavioral and emotional disorders with onset
               usually in childhood and adolescence ✅
               (Avoid — use F98.4 when stereotyped movement disorder is specified)

✅ Includes

The following clinical terms, documentation phrases, and clinical presentations are captured by F98.4:

• Stereotypy/habit disorder (official Includes term in ICD-10-CM Tabular)
• Stereotypic movement disorder — with OR without self-injurious behavior (both map here; no 5th character distinguishes SIB from non-SIB in ICD-10-CM)
• Primary stereotypy (in typically developing child)
• Secondary stereotypy (in context of ASD, intellectual disability, or other NDD)
• Body rocking, head banging, hand-flapping, arm-flapping, self-biting, object spinning, repetitive tiptoe walking
• Spasmus nutans (head-nodding syndrome in infants with nystagmus; maps here per ICD-10 Index)
• Palikinesia (repetition of movements)
• Collecting objects — stereotyped routine
• Complex mannerisms — stereotype
• Posturing routines
• Repetitive complex twisting movements of limbs or whole body
• Repetitive tapping movements; repetitive chin tapping
• Repetitive spinning of objects or whole body
• Stereotyped routines and rituals of a motor nature

❌ Excludes

Excludes1 Directly at F98.4 — Cannot be coded WITH F98.4

• ICD-10-CM R25.0-R25.9 — Abnormal involuntary movements: R25.x codes (R25.0 abnormal head movements, R25.1 tremor unspecified, R25.2 cramp and spasm, R25.3 fasciculation, R25.8 other, R25.9 unspecified) are Excludes1 to F98.4 — when a behavioral stereotyped movement disorder diagnosis has been established, these organic symptom codes are not coded simultaneously. Use F98.4 for the behavioral diagnosis; R25.x would only apply if the movement is of organic/idiopathic origin without a behavioral diagnosis

Excludes2 at F98 Category Level — CAN be coded WITH F98.4 when both are present

• F95.0-F95.9 — Tic disorders (including Tourette’s syndrome F95.2): Tics and stereotypies can co-occur; code both when documented; careful provider documentation distinguishing tics from stereotypies is essential
• F42.8, F42.9 — Obsessive-compulsive disorder: OCD compulsions and stereotypies can coexist, especially in ASD; code both when both are documented; note that “compulsions IN OCD” are captured by F42.x, not F98.4
• G20-G25 — Organic movement disorders: Parkinson’s, essential tremor, Huntington’s, etc.; when a patient has BOTH an organic movement disorder AND behavioral stereotypies, both may be coded
• F63.3 — Trichotillomania (hair pulling): Can co-occur; code both when documented; stereotypy with hair plucking in ASD context may warrant both F98.4 and F63.3
• R06.89 — Breath-holding spells: Can co-occur behaviorally; code together when documented
• F42. — OCD (general): At F98 category level; code both disorders when both are clinically established

Excludes1 at F98 Category Level — Diagnoses That Cannot Appear With F98 Codes

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (F42.x): At the F98 category level, OCD is listed as Excludes2 (see above) — meaning it CAN be coded together. Note: the Excludes2 here is because OCD compulsions are conceptually distinct from stereotypies; when both diagnoses are present, code both
• Gender identity disorder of childhood (F64.2) — Excludes1 at F98 category; use F64.2 instead if applicable
• Kleine-Levin syndrome (G47.13) — Excludes1 at F98 category; code G47.13 for this specific condition

🛠️ CPT Procedural Crosswalk — wRVU & Assistant Payable Status

Treatment of stereotyped movement disorders is primarily behavioral and psychological — there are no standard surgical or pharmacological CPT-billed procedures specific to F98.4. The first-line and most evidence-based treatment is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), supplemented by behavioral psychotherapy, developmental evaluations, and where indicated, pharmacological management.

CPT	Description	wRVU (Facility)	Asst. Payable?	Co-Surgeon?
97151	Behavior identification assessment — initial evaluation by BCBA; includes records review, parent interview, standardized assessments (e.g., VBMAPP, ABLLS-R, SRS-2), functional behavior assessment (FBA); per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
97152	Behavior identification-supporting assessment (add-on to 97151); additional assessment minutes by BCBA; per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
97153	Adaptive behavior treatment by protocol — direct ABA therapy with technician/RBT implementing BCBA-designed protocol; first-line behavioral intervention for stereotypies; per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
97154	Group adaptive behavior treatment by protocol — ABA in group setting; per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
97155	Adaptive behavior treatment with protocol modification — BCBA-supervised treatment session with in-vivo protocol modification; per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
97156	Family adaptive behavior treatment guidance — caregiver training in behavior management strategies; per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
97157	Multiple-family group adaptive behavior treatment guidance; per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
97158	Group adaptive behavior treatment with protocol modification; per 15 minutes	0.00 (non-physician)	❌ No	❌ No
90791	Psychiatric diagnostic evaluation — initial comprehensive psychiatric assessment for F98.4 differential diagnosis; distinguishes stereotypies from tics, OCD, organic movement disorders	2.80	❌ No	❌ No
90792	Psychiatric diagnostic evaluation with medical services	3.26	❌ No	❌ No
90837	Psychotherapy, 60 minutes — behavioral psychotherapy (Habit Reversal Training/HRT; Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics/CBIT overlap); evidence-based for F98.4	2.83	❌ No	❌ No
90832	Psychotherapy, 30 minutes	1.50	❌ No	❌ No
90834	Psychotherapy, 45 minutes	2.26	❌ No	❌ No
96127	Brief emotional/behavioral assessment (e.g., depression inventory, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder scale) with scoring and documentation; per standardized instrument	0.17	❌ No	❌ No
96130	Psychological testing evaluation services; first hour — for formal neurodevelopmental or psychological assessment when ASD/ID co-diagnosis is being evaluated	2.17	❌ No	❌ No
96131	Psychological testing evaluation; each additional hour (add-on to 96130)	1.33	❌ No	❌ No
99213	Office visit; low-moderate complexity — for established patient follow-up, medication management (if applicable), and monitoring	0.97	❌ No	❌ No
99214	Office visit; moderate complexity — for new behavioral concerns, medication initiation, co-occurring diagnosis management	1.50	❌ No	❌ No

⚠️ ABA Codes (97151-97158) — Payer Coverage Note: ABA services for autism spectrum disorder are widely covered by most commercial payers (mandated by state autism insurance laws in all 50 states) and Medicaid when F84.0 (Autistic disorder) is the primary diagnosis. However, coverage for F98.4 without an accompanying ASD diagnosis varies significantly by payer. When F98.4 co-occurs with F84.0, list F84.0 as the primary diagnosis on the ABA claims for maximum coverage compliance. Verify individual payer policies for ABA coverage linked to F98.4 alone.

⚠️ Habit Reversal Training (HRT): This evidence-based psychotherapy specifically targets stereotypies, tics, and habit disorders. It is billed via standard psychotherapy CPT codes (90832-90837) — there is no specific CPT code for HRT by name. Document the modality used in the treatment note to support medical necessity.

💊 Coding Scenarios

Scenario 1 — ASD with Stereotyped Movement Disorder, ABA Services

Clinical Vignette: A 7-year-old male with autism spectrum disorder (previously diagnosed, ADOS-2 confirmed) presents to a developmental pediatrician for follow-up. He exhibits persistent hand-flapping, body rocking, and occasional head-banging (approximately 3x/week on hard surfaces). The physician documents “ASD with stereotypic movement disorder with self-injurious behavior (head banging).” A behavior analyst performs an updated functional behavior assessment (FBA) and initiates ABA therapy with a behavior reduction protocol targeting SIB and functional replacement behaviors.

CPT / HCPCS Codes:

• 99214 — Office visit, moderate complexity (developmental pediatrician visit for follow-up and plan of care)
• 97151 × 4 — Behavior identification assessment (FBA, 1 hour = 4 units of 15 min)
• 97155 × 8 — ABA with protocol modification (BCBA-directed treatment session, 2 hours)
• 97156 × 4 — Family adaptive behavior treatment guidance (caregiver training, 1 hour)

ICD-10-CM:

• F84.0 — Autistic disorder (primary diagnosis — listed first for ABA billing; primary reason for services)
• F98.4 — Stereotyped movement disorders (the specific behavioral manifestation being treated; code additionally when separately documented and managed)

🏥 Outpatient Coder Tip: When ABA services are billed, F84.0 must typically be listed as the primary/first diagnosis for insurance coverage eligibility per most state autism insurance mandate laws and payer policies. F98.4 is added as an additional diagnosis to reflect the specific stereotyped behaviors targeted in the treatment plan. Do NOT substitute F98.4 for F84.0 when ASD is the driving diagnosis for ABA authorization.

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Scenario 2 — Primary Stereotypy in Typically Developing Child

Clinical Vignette: A 4-year-old female without prior neurological or psychiatric diagnoses is referred to child psychiatry by her pediatrician for evaluation of “repetitive rocking and hand-flapping.” Formal developmental screening (M-CHAT, ASQ, ADOS-2) does NOT support a diagnosis of ASD. The child psychiatrist documents “stereotypic movement disorder without self-injurious behavior; primary stereotypy in a typically developing child.” Behavioral therapy with habit reversal training is recommended.

CPT / HCPCS Codes:

• 90791 — Psychiatric diagnostic evaluation (initial comprehensive assessment)
• 90837 — Psychotherapy, 60 minutes (Habit Reversal Training for stereotypy reduction)
• 96130 — Psychological testing evaluation, first hour (for complete neurodevelopmental battery)
• 96131 — Psychological testing, additional hour (add-on)

ICD-10-CM:

• F98.4 — Stereotyped movement disorders (the sole confirmed diagnosis; ASD has been ruled out; primary stereotypy in a typically developing child)

🏥 Outpatient Coder Tip: When the provider has explicitly documented that ASD has been ruled out and this is primary stereotypy, F98.4 stands alone as the diagnosis. Do NOT assign F84.9 (ASD unspecified) or any ASD code when the provider’s documentation states ASD was evaluated and excluded. F98.4 as a standalone diagnosis is a distinct clinical entity from ASD-associated stereotypy.

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Scenario 3 — Stereotypy vs. Tic Disorder: Coding Both When Both Are Present

Clinical Vignette: A 10-year-old male with a known history of Tourette’s syndrome (F95.2) presents for psychiatric follow-up. In addition to his vocal and motor tics (throat-clearing, eye blinking), his parents describe repetitive body-rocking behavior that the child reports “feels nice and calming” and is distinct from his ego-dystonic tics. The psychiatrist documents “Tourette’s syndrome; co-existing stereotypic movement disorder — body rocking; the stereotypy is phenomenologically distinct from his tics.”

CPT / HCPCS Codes:

• 99214 — Office visit, moderate complexity
• 96127 × 2 — Brief behavioral assessments (tic severity scale + stereotypy frequency rating)

ICD-10-CM:

• F95.2 — Tourette’s disorder (primary diagnosis)
• F98.4 — Stereotyped movement disorders (separately documented stereotypy, distinct from tics; Excludes2 at F98 level = can be coded WITH F95.x)

🏥 Outpatient Coder Tip: Tic disorders (F95.x) and stereotyped movement disorder (F98.4) are Excludes2 at the F98 category level — this means they CAN and SHOULD both be coded when the provider explicitly documents that both conditions are present and distinguishes them clinically. The key documentation requirement is provider language differentiating the stereotypy from the tic; “body rocking is phenomenologically distinct from his tics” is exactly the type of documentation that supports dual coding.

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Scenario 4 — CDI Query: F98.4 vs. R25.x vs. Organic Movement Disorder

Clinical Vignette: An 8-year-old male with a history of intellectual disability (F71) is admitted to pediatric neurology for evaluation of “repetitive self-biting and hand-flapping.” Initial neurology note documents “abnormal involuntary movements — etiology under investigation; rule out organic movement disorder.” After EEG and MRI, the neurologist concludes “no organic etiology identified; movements are behavioral in nature — consistent with stereotypic movement disorder in the context of intellectual disability.” The discharge documentation says “R25.9 — abnormal involuntary movements, unspecified.”

Action / Outcome:

The coder should query the physician before finalizing R25.9. The neurologist’s discharge note explicitly states “movements are behavioral in nature — consistent with stereotypic movement disorder.” R25.9 and F98.4 are Excludes1 to each other — they cannot coexist.

CDI Query: “Your discharge documentation describes the patient’s hand-flapping and self-biting as ‘behavioral in nature, consistent with stereotypic movement disorder.’ Can you please confirm whether the discharge diagnosis should be coded as stereotyped movement disorders (F98.4) rather than or in addition to R25.9 (abnormal involuntary movements)?”

Corrected Discharge Coding:

• Principal Dx: F98.4 — Stereotyped movement disorders (the confirmed behavioral diagnosis)
• Secondary Dx: F71 — Moderate intellectual disability (the context/associated condition)

🏥 CDI Tip: Neurologists frequently default to R25.x as an inpatient symptom code while the investigation is ongoing — but when the workup confirms a behavioral etiology and the provider’s own note says “consistent with stereotypic movement disorder,” the symptom code should be replaced with F98.4 at discharge per ICD-10-CM guideline Section II (inpatient principal diagnosis). The Excludes1 relationship makes dual coding impossible, so resolution via CDI query is essential.

⚠️ Coding Pitfalls and Tips

	Pitfall or Tip
❌	R25.x and F98.4 are NEVER coded together — Excludes1. When a behavioral stereotypy diagnosis has been established by the provider, do NOT add R25.0-R25.9 (abnormal involuntary movements) to the claim. These are mutually exclusive at the F98.4 code level per the ICD-10-CM Tabular
❌	Do not substitute F98.4 for F84.0 on ABA claims. Most commercial payers and Medicaid require F84.0 (Autistic disorder) as the primary diagnosis for ABA service authorization. When ASD is the primary condition and stereotypy is a manifestation, list F84.0 first; F98.4 may be added as secondary
❌	Do not use F98.4 for organic movement disorders. If the movements are attributable to Parkinson’s (G20), Huntington’s (G10), Sydenham’s chorea, or other neurological conditions in G20-G25, code the organic condition — F98.4 is for NON-organic, behaviorally-driven stereotypies
❌	Do not confuse F98.4 with F95.x (tic disorders) without provider documentation. Tics and stereotypies have distinct phenomenological features; assigning either code requires explicit provider documentation of the diagnosis — do not assume from the movement description alone
❌	Do not use F98.4 for compulsions in OCD. OCD compulsions are driven by obsessions and anxiety reduction — code F42.x for OCD. When both OCD compulsions AND stereotypies are independently documented, code both (Excludes2)
✅	Always capture co-occurring neurodevelopmental diagnoses. F84.0 (ASD), F70-F79 (intellectual disability), G80.x (cerebral palsy), F84.2 (Rett syndrome) — these conditions are NOT Excludes to F98.4 and should be separately coded when documented, as they dramatically affect clinical management, service authorization, and risk adjustment
✅	Document SIB vs. non-SIB. ICD-10-CM F98.4 does not subdivide by SIB status, but the clinical record must document whether self-injurious behavior is present. This distinction is critical for ABA treatment planning, prior authorization, and intensity-of-service justification
✅	ABA CPT codes (97151-97158) require F84.0 for optimal coverage. When F98.4 co-occurs with ASD, list F84.0 first on ABA service claims. When F98.4 is a standalone diagnosis without ASD, verify payer-specific ABA coverage policies before submitting these codes
✅	Primary vs. secondary stereotypy requires specific provider documentation. The clinical record must clearly state whether the stereotypy is primary (no underlying neurodevelopmental condition) or secondary (in context of ASD, ID, etc.) to support the most accurate and defensible coding
✅	F98.4 is a chronic condition indicator (CCI = 1). Chronic condition documentation requirements mean the diagnosis should be re-evaluated and re-documented at each encounter where it is managed — do not simply carry forward from a prior visit without active documentation

📚 Sources

1. CMS/NCHS. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting, FY2025. Tabular List — F98.4 Stereotyped movement disorders; Includes and Excludes notes; Section I.C.5 — Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

2. World Health Organization / CMS. ICD-10-CM Tabular List of Diseases and Injuries, FY2025 Release. Category F98 — Other behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually in childhood; F98.4 Excludes1 and Excludes2 notation.

3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Stereotypic Movement Disorder — diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis from tic disorders and OCD compulsions.

4. AAPC. ICD-10-CM Code F98.4 — Stereotyped Movement Disorders. Codify reference; Excludes2 notation at F98 category level. FY2025.

5. Unbound Medicine / ICD-10-CM. F98.4 — Stereotyped Movement Disorders. Code Tree; Includes/Excludes notes; Alphabetic Index entries (body rocking, head banging, spasmus nutans, palikinesia, stereotypy habit disorder).

6. CMS. Billing and Coding: Psychiatric Codes (A57130). Coverage criteria for behavioral health CPT codes 90791, 90832-90837, 96127, 96130-96131 linked to F98.4 and co-occurring diagnoses.

7. American Medical Association (AMA). CPT 2024/2025 Professional Edition. Applied Behavior Analysis codes 97151-97158; Psychiatric evaluation and psychotherapy codes; E/M codes 99213-99214.

8. ICD List / CCSR (Clinical Classifications Software Refined). F98.4 Clinical Category MBD014 — Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Chronic condition indicator and CCSR default inpatient/outpatient assignment confirmation.

9. CDC/NCHS. ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. F98.4 — Stereotyped movement disorders; differential criteria from tic disorders, OCD, and organic movement disorders.